1. 先准備兩台服務器，可以一台本機，一台使用虛擬機

本機IP:192.168.132.1 主服務器
虛擬機IP:192.168.111.128 從服務器
注意，主從服務器上的mysql版本要一致，不然可能會有不兼容問題。

2. 在主機創建一個賬號，用於從機復制主機數據。

// *.* 所有數據庫的所有表
// repl 賬號
// 123456 密碼
//@'192.168.111.128' 該賬號只允許這個ip使用
mysql > grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.111.128' identified by '123456';

// 使創建的賬號生效
mysql > flush privileges;

3. 編輯主機my.cnf文件

vi /etc/my.cnf

// my.cnf 文件 新增配置。
[mysqld]
server-id=1 #設置server-id,值無所無，只要唯一就行。
log-bin=mysql-bin # 啟用二進制日志
binlog-do-db=myblog # 需要備份的數據庫，可以寫多條
log-slave-updates=1 # 這個參數一定要加上，否則不會更新記錄到二進制文件里。
slave-skip-errors=1 #跳過錯誤，繼續執行賦值操作（可選
）

4. 查看主機狀態

mysql > show master status;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql > show binary logs;
ERROR 1381 (HY000): You are not using binary logging

5. 重啟mysql數據庫

service mysqld start

6. 設置讀鎖,這里是為了下下面備份數據的時候，沒有遺漏的數據。備份完以后就可以解鎖了。

mysql > flush tables with read lock;

7. 得到binlog日志文件名和偏移量（此處記住File名稱和Position值，后面slave服務器配置時需要用到

mysql > show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 713 | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

8. 備份要同步的數據庫

// 在主服務器執行
mysqldump -uroot -proot test > test.sql

9. 解鎖

mysql > unlock tables;

10. 將剛才從master備份的數據庫導入slave從服務器上。

// 在從服務器執行
mysqldump -uroot -proot test < test.sql;

11. 編輯slave從服務器my.cnf文件。

vi /etc/my.cnf

# 新增
server-id=109 # 值無所謂，唯一就行。

12. 重啟從數據庫

service mysqld restart

13. 對從服務器進行相應的設置，此處要注意logfile的名稱和position的值，其余host,user,password為主服務器的ip，賬號和密碼。

mysql> stop slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> change master to
　　 -> master_host='192.168.132.1',
　　 -> master_user='repl',
　　 -> master_password='123456',
　　 -> master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001',
　　 -> master_log_pos=713;

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.132.1
Master_User: repl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 1079
Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin.000004
Relay_Log_Pos: 251
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 1079
Relay_Log_Space: 407
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 0
Last_IO_Error:
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

ERROR:
No query specified

這里主要看 ：這兩個值必須為Yes,為其他值就代表沒有連接成功，需要重新設置。
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

如果Slave_IO_Running:Connection 可能是網絡問題，pos問題，賬號問題。
如果Slave_SQL_Runing:NO 這里LAST_SQL_ERROR會有相應的錯誤信息。

14. 測試

上述配置成功后可以查看master和slave上的線程狀態，在master上，你可以看到slave的I/O線程的鏈接。
在master上輸入

mysql > show processlist\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
 Id: 4
   User: root
   Host: localhost
 db: NULL
Command: Query
   Time: 0
  State: NULL
   Info: show processlist
*************************** 2. row ***************************
 Id: 19
   User: repl
   Host: 192.168.111.128:42337
 db: NULL
Command: Binlog Dump
   Time: 183
  State: Has sent all binlog to slave; waiting for binlog to be updated
   Info: NULL
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

ERROR: 
No query specified

復制代碼

15. 在主服務器master上新增一條數據，到從服務器slave上查看是否同步，如同步，則代表從服務器正常工作。

16. 故障解決

1. 當出現slave_sql_runiing:no的時候，代表有sql異常，可以使用忽略異常的方式解決。

mysql > stop slave; // 停止從庫復制行為
mysql > set global sql_slave_skip_counter=1 // 從庫sql指針想下移動一步，這樣就會忽略該步點的錯誤sql

// sql_slave_skip_counter=val, val可以是任意數字，代表忽略更新的sql條數。
// 這種方式會導致主從庫可能會不一致。對於要求主從庫必須一致的情況，就必須要重新導入叢庫數據了。

1. mysql日志中：Failed to open the relay log ‘./mysqld-relay-bin.000007’

1. 錯誤原因：mysqld-relay-bin.000007文件丟失。
2. 解決方法：重置slave,在mysql中執行下面命令
 mysql > reset slave;
3. 上面的命令會清除記錄的master_log_file和master_log_pos參數,所以需要重置這兩個參數，命令如下
 masql > change master to
 master_log_file='mysql-bin.000005',
 master_log_pos=316;
4. 重啟slave
 mysql > start slave;
5. 查看slave狀態
 msql > show slave status\G;

 // 這兩個參數是這樣的就ok了。
 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
 Slave_SQL_Running: Yes

1. 字符編碼錯誤： Error ‘Character set ‘#28’ is not a compiled character set and is not specified in the ‘/phpstudy/mysql/share/charsets/Index.xml’ file’ on query.

1. #28是mysql的gbk_chinese_ci編碼
2. 原因是主機mysql的character_set_results='gbk'，而從機（slave）中沒有gbk字符集。

查看主機(master)設置字符集：
mysql > show variables like '%char%';

+--------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8                               |
| character_set_connection | utf8                               |
| character_set_database   | utf8                               |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                             |
| character_set_results    | gbk                                |
| character_set_server     | utf8                               |
| character_set_system     | utf8                               |
| character_sets_dir | D:\phpStudy2\MySQL\share\charsets\ |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------+

查看從機（slave)設置字符集
mysql > show variables like '%char%';

+--------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8                            |
| character_set_connection | utf8                            |
| character_set_database   | utf8                            |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                          |
| character_set_results    | utf8                            |
| character_set_server     | utf8                            |
| character_set_system     | utf8                            |
| character_sets_dir | /phpstudy/mysql/share/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------+

查看主機（master)所有字符集

msql > show character set;
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5     | Big5 Traditional Chinese    | big5_chinese_ci     |      2 |
| dec8     | DEC West European           | dec8_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| cp850    | DOS West European           | cp850_general_ci    |      1 |
| hp8      | HP West European            | hp8_english_ci      |      1 |
| koi8r    | KOI8-R Relcom Russian       | koi8r_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin1   | cp1252 West European        | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 |
| latin2   | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci   |      1 |
| swe7     | 7bit Swedish                | swe7_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| ascii    | US ASCII                    | ascii_general_ci    |      1 |
| ujis     | EUC-JP Japanese             | ujis_japanese_ci    |      3 |
| sjis     | Shift-JIS Japanese          | sjis_japanese_ci    |      2 |
| hebrew   | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew           | hebrew_general_ci   |      1 |
| tis620   | TIS620 Thai                 | tis620_thai_ci      |      1 |
| euckr    | EUC-KR Korean               | euckr_korean_ci     |      2 |
| koi8u    | KOI8-U Ukrainian            | koi8u_general_ci    |      1 |
| gb2312   | GB2312 Simplified Chinese   | gb2312_chinese_ci   |      2 |
| greek    | ISO 8859-7 Greek            | greek_general_ci    |      1 |
| cp1250   | Windows Central European    | cp1250_general_ci   |      1 |
| gbk      | GBK Simplified Chinese      | gbk_chinese_ci      |      2 |
| latin5   | ISO 8859-9 Turkish          | latin5_turkish_ci   |      1 |
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian          | armscii8_general_ci |      1 |
| utf8     | UTF-8 Unicode               | utf8_general_ci     |      3 |
| ucs2     | UCS-2 Unicode               | ucs2_general_ci     |      2 |
| cp866    | DOS Russian                 | cp866_general_ci    |      1 |
| keybcs2  | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak  | keybcs2_general_ci  |      1 |
| macce    | Mac Central European        | macce_general_ci    |      1 |
| macroman | Mac West European           | macroman_general_ci |      1 |
| cp852    | DOS Central European        | cp852_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin7   | ISO 8859-13 Baltic          | latin7_general_ci   |      1 |
| utf8mb4  | UTF-8 Unicode               | utf8mb4_general_ci  |      4 |
| cp1251   | Windows Cyrillic            | cp1251_general_ci   |      1 |
| utf16    | UTF-16 Unicode              | utf16_general_ci    |      4 |
| cp1256   | Windows Arabic              | cp1256_general_ci   |      1 |
| cp1257   | Windows Baltic              | cp1257_general_ci   |      1 |
| utf32    | UTF-32 Unicode              | utf32_general_ci    |      4 |
| binary   | Binary pseudo charset       | binary              |      1 |
| geostd8  | GEOSTD8 Georgian            | geostd8_general_ci  |      1 |
| cp932    | SJIS for Windows Japanese   | cp932_japanese_ci   |      2 |
| eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+

查看從機所(slave)有字符集：
mysql > show character set;

+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| dec8     | DEC West European           | dec8_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| cp850    | DOS West European           | cp850_general_ci    |      1 |
| hp8      | HP West European            | hp8_english_ci      |      1 |
| koi8r    | KOI8-R Relcom Russian       | koi8r_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin1   | cp1252 West European        | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 |
| latin2   | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci   |      1 |
| swe7     | 7bit Swedish                | swe7_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| ascii    | US ASCII                    | ascii_general_ci    |      1 |
| hebrew   | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew           | hebrew_general_ci   |      1 |
| koi8u    | KOI8-U Ukrainian            | koi8u_general_ci    |      1 |
| greek    | ISO 8859-7 Greek            | greek_general_ci    |      1 |
| cp1250   | Windows Central European    | cp1250_general_ci   |      1 |
| latin5   | ISO 8859-9 Turkish          | latin5_turkish_ci   |      1 |
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian          | armscii8_general_ci |      1 |
| utf8     | UTF-8 Unicode               | utf8_general_ci     |      3 |
| cp866    | DOS Russian                 | cp866_general_ci    |      1 |
| keybcs2  | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak  | keybcs2_general_ci  |      1 |
| macce    | Mac Central European        | macce_general_ci    |      1 |
| macroman | Mac West European           | macroman_general_ci |      1 |
| cp852    | DOS Central European        | cp852_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin7   | ISO 8859-13 Baltic          | latin7_general_ci   |      1 |
| utf8mb4  | UTF-8 Unicode               | utf8mb4_general_ci  |      4 |
| cp1251   | Windows Cyrillic            | cp1251_general_ci   |      1 |
| cp1256   | Windows Arabic              | cp1256_general_ci   |      1 |
| cp1257   | Windows Baltic              | cp1257_general_ci   |      1 |
| binary   | Binary pseudo charset       | binary              |      1 |
| geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+


從以上不難看出，主機（master)有gbk字符集並且character_set_results='gbk',而從機上沒有gbk字符集，所以報編碼錯誤。

解決方式，設置主機character_set_results='utf8',語句如下：
mysql > set character_set_results='utf8';

補充：character_set_results,character_set_client,character_set_connection 這三個值是無法再my.ini中配置的
或者說，在my.ini中的配置會被客戶端給覆蓋掉。
 character_set_results: 客戶端結果集編碼
 character_set_client: 客戶端編碼
 character_set_connection: 數據庫鏈接編碼
同一個數據庫在不同的客戶端打開這三個編碼可能不一樣：如：
dos下連接：

mysql > show variables like '%char%';
+--------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------+
| character_set_client     | gbk                                |
| character_set_connection | gbk                                |
| character_set_database   | utf8                               |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                             |
| character_set_results    | gbk                                |
| character_set_server     | utf8                               |
| character_set_system     | utf8                               |
| character_sets_dir | D:\phpStudy2\MySQL\share\charsets\ |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------+

phpmyadmin下連接：
show valiables like '%char%';

Variable_name Value
character_set_client utf8
character_set_connection utf8
character_set_database utf8
character_set_filesystem binary
character_set_results utf8
character_set_server utf8
character_set_system utf8
character_sets_dir D:\phpStudy2\MySQL\share\charsets\

在dos下寫入數據，從庫就會因為character_set_results=gbk編碼報錯。
使用set character_set_results='utf8' 修改編碼后，就不會在報錯。

在doc下修改主庫數據，經常會碰到莫名其妙的編碼問題；

17. 擴展

1. mysql 雙主，其實就是兩個mysql互為主從，設置方法和上邊一樣。